All written material that is now produced went through at lease a digital infancy
Brian Kim Stefan's "Stops & Rebels"
First E-lit referred to as the StorySpace school; Eastgate Systems
lexia: Early e-lit works - blocks of text
first generation c. 1986 = culminating work: Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl
second generation c. 1995
e-lit married to computer games
Interactive audio fiction = "locative narratives"/Janet Cardiff's "The Missing Voice (Case Study B)"
"Her Long Black Hair"
CAVE- site for interactive literature at Brown University a 3D space, user wears virtual reality glasses and moves a wand
John Cayley - Transliteral morphing
Saturday, March 5, 2011
Saturday, February 26, 2011
Electronic Literature Collection Volume I
Translation by John Cayley
Dissonant music
text bits translating into different languages - then to photos before your eyes
Sprockets from SNL
Kind of BS
Take home: each language is a translation of all other languages
There is also translation between media
Birds Singing other Birds' Songs by Maria Mencia
Blue sky with clouds
Numbers 1-13 along the bottom, each with a play button and a stop button
Annoying bc you cannot read the words that some of the bird shapes are made of. Just when they almost come into view, they explode into letters or fly off screen
It's best when all the birds are turned on together. They don't seem to interrupt each other.
Star Wars, One letter at a time by Kim Stefans
A blank white screen. The noise of a typewriter typing and the bell ding at the end of each line. The script, I guess, of the original Star Wars being typed and displayed one letter at a time in some standard typewriter font. At first, I thought it was cool at first and was pretty amazed that I could actually read what was being typed, but it got on my nerves pretty quickly and I turned it off. I saw a warning on one of the pieces of electronic literature that said it could induce epileptic seizures and thought this one should have that warning, as well. I immediately thought of the readies machine.
Project for Tachistoscope [Bottomless Pit] by William Poundstone
I don't know what it was, but I don't like it! When you start, there are words in a nondescript typeface flashing almost too quickly to read until your eyes adjust and you are able to start comprehending a story of a bottomless pit that opened up near a worksite and swallowed lots of workers and equipment. The words are flashing on top of some line drawings of different symbols and household objects. At first, you can barely detect some color pictures or photos being stuck in so quickly that they are not consciously perceived. Then, as my eyes adjusted, I saw a face slipped in there and it scared the crap out of me, so I turned it off.
Lexia to Perplexia by Talan Memmott
First thing i notice is a broken link on the intro page and cheesy graphic design (i think intentionally so).
Dissonant music
text bits translating into different languages - then to photos before your eyes
Sprockets from SNL
Kind of BS
Take home: each language is a translation of all other languages
There is also translation between media
Birds Singing other Birds' Songs by Maria Mencia
Blue sky with clouds
Numbers 1-13 along the bottom, each with a play button and a stop button
Annoying bc you cannot read the words that some of the bird shapes are made of. Just when they almost come into view, they explode into letters or fly off screen
It's best when all the birds are turned on together. They don't seem to interrupt each other.
Star Wars, One letter at a time by Kim Stefans
A blank white screen. The noise of a typewriter typing and the bell ding at the end of each line. The script, I guess, of the original Star Wars being typed and displayed one letter at a time in some standard typewriter font. At first, I thought it was cool at first and was pretty amazed that I could actually read what was being typed, but it got on my nerves pretty quickly and I turned it off. I saw a warning on one of the pieces of electronic literature that said it could induce epileptic seizures and thought this one should have that warning, as well. I immediately thought of the readies machine.
Project for Tachistoscope [Bottomless Pit] by William Poundstone
I don't know what it was, but I don't like it! When you start, there are words in a nondescript typeface flashing almost too quickly to read until your eyes adjust and you are able to start comprehending a story of a bottomless pit that opened up near a worksite and swallowed lots of workers and equipment. The words are flashing on top of some line drawings of different symbols and household objects. At first, you can barely detect some color pictures or photos being stuck in so quickly that they are not consciously perceived. Then, as my eyes adjusted, I saw a face slipped in there and it scared the crap out of me, so I turned it off.
Lexia to Perplexia by Talan Memmott
First thing i notice is a broken link on the intro page and cheesy graphic design (i think intentionally so).
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
Talking Book History
AFB founded 1921
WWI - blinded soldiers = ^in blind Americans
Few ppl could read braille - poor library resources
Talking books = greater access for blind
1924, Talking books were being produced as 78 RPM (held 3-5 minutes/side) - mostly for those becoming blind late in life as it isharder for them to learn Braille
Robert B. Irwin, Exec. Director AFB discovered 33 1/3 Long playing record was being patented by Frank L. Dyer
15000 words/side of 12" disc at 33 1/3 RPM
Two men worked together to make "Talking-Machine Record" patented in May, 1927
Happening at a time when sound recording industry was blooming via talkies
Late 1920's, AFB is looking for studio to produce talking books, but not profitable enough > forces AFB to produce recordings itself
1928 - 20% read Braille, only 10% well enough to enjoy reading it
1932 - Carnegie Corp funds exploration of recording program to produce talking books for blind
Jackson O. Kleber was hired, former electrical engineer at RCA Victor recording laboratories to create affordable, durable solution for talking book
Design decisions - 12" records bc die presses were readily available 33-1/3 chosen bc that speed of motors readily available Sturdy cardboard mailing containers - 12# each original TB machine container made of plywood covered with gray plastic weighed 30#15" square and 11" deep/ could be carried like suitcase
First TB machines were electric, then spring driven machine created due to demand. Overseas models ran on batteries.
Result = 12" 33 1/3 rpm vinylite disc. = 12.5 minutes/side
150 grooves/inch and slower RPM speed allowed much more info to be stored than 78 RPMs grooves any closer together create overlap - ghost in the machine
1930 - Pratt-Smoot Act: bill requesting funds to produce reading material for blind. Helen Keller lobbied congress in support of bill
1931 - Pratt-Smoot Act becomes law authorizing LOC to designate local distribution centers for materials for blind - 18 libraries and 15 titles to be brailled
1932- Robert B. Irwin writes to LOC asking them to consider producing Talking Books
3/3/33 - law passes setting aside $10000. for production of Talking Books out of $100000 budget for blind materials for LOC
By 1934, 5000 Talking Book Machines were in 17 states, so LOC released funds for production of Talking Books
Royalties not required if titles recorded for blind only, nominal fee of $25./title collected
First books were Four Gospels, The Psalms, The DOI, Constitution of USA, Shakespeare, classic and popular fiction
1940's wide variety of talking books recorded
1935 - WPA created
3/31/1935- Helen Keller mysteriousy decides to support Talking Books
9/19/1935- FDR signed signed executive order alloting LOC over $200000. for manufacture of Talking Book machines as WPA project
12/1935 - 1942 AFB manufacture of 23505 machines, needles and repairing machines in Manhatten workshop employing sighted and unsighted workers
AFB does major research to improve fidelity since listening can tire a person out if elocution is not good esp. pt sounds = improved technology of vinyl recording
1936 American Printing House for the Blind starts to produce Talking Books for children
1942 WWII halts WPA project and production of machines. Congress approvfes $20000. for machine repair performed by AFB
5/15/1945 Congress holds conference to improve TB technology vis a vis blinded WWII vets
1946 AFB stops producing machines, still producing recordings along with APH, starts researching new technologies for TBs
1948 Long playing records made available to general public by CBS - last time blind are ahead in technology
1948 - Anne T. McDonald conceived Recording for the Blind (now RFB&D [recording for Blind and Dyslexic]) NYPL Women's Auxiliary got letters from wounded WWii vets. GI Bill guaranteed education, but textbooks inaccessible to blind - NYPLWA recorded textbooks on vinyl
1950's volunteers start to record book readings for blind via AFB and RFB&D
1951 LOC owns and loans 30000 TB machines it was possible for ppl to purchase machines at cost from LOC, as well
1951 AFB starts to use magnetic reel to reel to record, then transfer to vinyl = double productivity and 40% fewer mistakes
AFB improved needle technology = needles lasted through 40 records = about 4 books
1955 Eisenhower uses TB machine while convalescing from HA. First non-blind allowed to use machine.
1959 TBs produced as 10 inch, 16 2/3 RPM to enable 30 minutes of recorded info/side
Machines grew three speeds, detachable lids and freestanding speakers
In case design concern was lighter and sturdier
early 1960's - LOC Division for Blind starts to offer TBs on open reel magnetic tape not a successful medium since blind had difficulty threading tape themselves
1965 First 3 speed TB machine could play all incarnations of TB records
7/30/66 - amendment to Pratt Smoot extended TB service to all print disabled
1968- AE5 TB machine plastic case 12# with removable speakers with transistor
1969- NLS starts circulating TBs on audiocassette Initial test with cassettes = commercial tape players and BooksOnTape
Then GE produces TB tape machine with 4 trach technology = more info and not copyable
Initial cassettes had tone indexed sections, somewhat meaningless voice indexing only audible in FF
Voice indexing only way reference books - dictionary was possible
1973 All TBs being recorded at 8 1/3 RPM about an hour/side
Design concern - more info/side = less $ to produce and lighter to mail rechargeable nickel batteries for those sans electric recharged by NLS
Never produced reel to reel bc blind have dificulty threading and test reels came back a mess
1974 Oils hortage slows production of new TB tape machine via petroleum product shortage - plastic
1976-C-76 is produced with auto shut off, won't turn on when upside down and variable speeds
1978 LOC reorg TBs now under NLS/BPH
1978 R&D begins on a combo disc/cassette machine
1980's all TBs are recorded as 4 track recordings to stop copying and fit twice as much info on each tape
1980 C-80 tape machine buit in pitch restoration for all speeds never really works out
1981 E-1 machine sliding controls for elderly/disabled unable to operate other machines
1981 C1 machine has ff, rewind, end of tape sensor and trach selector switches
1981 NLS produces 200 solar powered machines for ppl in remote areas
1987 all new recordings produced on cassette tapes
1988 - idea for DTBs comes from Swedish Library of TBs and Braille (TPB) due to dissatisfaction with audiocassette formats
1992 - CT-1 First talking book machine and cassette player combo is produced automatic reverse and track switching, no user intervention needed. Push down on needle to retract = less damage to disc
1994 - TPB releases first DAISY prototypr
May 1997 NLS, AFB and other blindness orgs meet to develop digital TBs
2002 standard for DTBs (Digital Talking Books) developed by LOC, AFB and others
Batelle, HumanWare, Canada and NFB develop a player that will accomodate flash cards and easy use for diverse array of ability
2006 - DTBs download test launched DTBs are much preferred due to ability to access chapters, section markers, etc.
DTBs are still sent through mail in blue, smaller containers for those who do not download
Moves backward and forward by time increments and allows electronic bookmarking inc. "highlighting"
Titles are transitioning to flash memory cards - transition completed 2012
9/2007 DTB machine = Victor Reader Stream $329.
Tech savvy blinds love audible.com, but have a softspot for TBs from NLS
Current DTB standard is ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005
Braille E-Reader concept raises E-ink dots via electronic impulse - no funding, of course
LaBelle, Shannon. (2007, March 27). Audiobooks and access to information for canadians with print disabilities. Retrieved from http://www.slais.ubc.ca/
Library of Congress, American Foundation for The Blind. (2009). Talking book exhibit New York, NY: American Foundation for The Blind. Retrieved from http://www.afb.org/talkingbook/talkingbookgallery.asp?GalleryID=37
WWI - blinded soldiers = ^in blind Americans
Few ppl could read braille - poor library resources
Talking books = greater access for blind
1924, Talking books were being produced as 78 RPM (held 3-5 minutes/side) - mostly for those becoming blind late in life as it isharder for them to learn Braille
Robert B. Irwin, Exec. Director AFB discovered 33 1/3 Long playing record was being patented by Frank L. Dyer
15000 words/side of 12" disc at 33 1/3 RPM
Two men worked together to make "Talking-Machine Record" patented in May, 1927
Happening at a time when sound recording industry was blooming via talkies
Late 1920's, AFB is looking for studio to produce talking books, but not profitable enough > forces AFB to produce recordings itself
1928 - 20% read Braille, only 10% well enough to enjoy reading it
1932 - Carnegie Corp funds exploration of recording program to produce talking books for blind
Jackson O. Kleber was hired, former electrical engineer at RCA Victor recording laboratories to create affordable, durable solution for talking book
Design decisions - 12" records bc die presses were readily available 33-1/3 chosen bc that speed of motors readily available Sturdy cardboard mailing containers - 12# each original TB machine container made of plywood covered with gray plastic weighed 30#15" square and 11" deep/ could be carried like suitcase
First TB machines were electric, then spring driven machine created due to demand. Overseas models ran on batteries.
Result = 12" 33 1/3 rpm vinylite disc. = 12.5 minutes/side
150 grooves/inch and slower RPM speed allowed much more info to be stored than 78 RPMs grooves any closer together create overlap - ghost in the machine
1930 - Pratt-Smoot Act: bill requesting funds to produce reading material for blind. Helen Keller lobbied congress in support of bill
1931 - Pratt-Smoot Act becomes law authorizing LOC to designate local distribution centers for materials for blind - 18 libraries and 15 titles to be brailled
1932- Robert B. Irwin writes to LOC asking them to consider producing Talking Books
3/3/33 - law passes setting aside $10000. for production of Talking Books out of $100000 budget for blind materials for LOC
By 1934, 5000 Talking Book Machines were in 17 states, so LOC released funds for production of Talking Books
Royalties not required if titles recorded for blind only, nominal fee of $25./title collected
First books were Four Gospels, The Psalms, The DOI, Constitution of USA, Shakespeare, classic and popular fiction
1940's wide variety of talking books recorded
1935 - WPA created
3/31/1935- Helen Keller mysteriousy decides to support Talking Books
9/19/1935- FDR signed signed executive order alloting LOC over $200000. for manufacture of Talking Book machines as WPA project
12/1935 - 1942 AFB manufacture of 23505 machines, needles and repairing machines in Manhatten workshop employing sighted and unsighted workers
AFB does major research to improve fidelity since listening can tire a person out if elocution is not good esp. pt sounds = improved technology of vinyl recording
1936 American Printing House for the Blind starts to produce Talking Books for children
1942 WWII halts WPA project and production of machines. Congress approvfes $20000. for machine repair performed by AFB
5/15/1945 Congress holds conference to improve TB technology vis a vis blinded WWII vets
1946 AFB stops producing machines, still producing recordings along with APH, starts researching new technologies for TBs
1948 Long playing records made available to general public by CBS - last time blind are ahead in technology
1948 - Anne T. McDonald conceived Recording for the Blind (now RFB&D [recording for Blind and Dyslexic]) NYPL Women's Auxiliary got letters from wounded WWii vets. GI Bill guaranteed education, but textbooks inaccessible to blind - NYPLWA recorded textbooks on vinyl
1950's volunteers start to record book readings for blind via AFB and RFB&D
1951 LOC owns and loans 30000 TB machines it was possible for ppl to purchase machines at cost from LOC, as well
1951 AFB starts to use magnetic reel to reel to record, then transfer to vinyl = double productivity and 40% fewer mistakes
AFB improved needle technology = needles lasted through 40 records = about 4 books
1955 Eisenhower uses TB machine while convalescing from HA. First non-blind allowed to use machine.
1959 TBs produced as 10 inch, 16 2/3 RPM to enable 30 minutes of recorded info/side
Machines grew three speeds, detachable lids and freestanding speakers
In case design concern was lighter and sturdier
early 1960's - LOC Division for Blind starts to offer TBs on open reel magnetic tape not a successful medium since blind had difficulty threading tape themselves
1965 First 3 speed TB machine could play all incarnations of TB records
7/30/66 - amendment to Pratt Smoot extended TB service to all print disabled
1968- AE5 TB machine plastic case 12# with removable speakers with transistor
1969- NLS starts circulating TBs on audiocassette Initial test with cassettes = commercial tape players and BooksOnTape
Then GE produces TB tape machine with 4 trach technology = more info and not copyable
Initial cassettes had tone indexed sections, somewhat meaningless voice indexing only audible in FF
Voice indexing only way reference books - dictionary was possible
1973 All TBs being recorded at 8 1/3 RPM about an hour/side
Design concern - more info/side = less $ to produce and lighter to mail rechargeable nickel batteries for those sans electric recharged by NLS
Never produced reel to reel bc blind have dificulty threading and test reels came back a mess
1974 Oils hortage slows production of new TB tape machine via petroleum product shortage - plastic
1976-C-76 is produced with auto shut off, won't turn on when upside down and variable speeds
1978 LOC reorg TBs now under NLS/BPH
1978 R&D begins on a combo disc/cassette machine
1980's all TBs are recorded as 4 track recordings to stop copying and fit twice as much info on each tape
1980 C-80 tape machine buit in pitch restoration for all speeds never really works out
1981 E-1 machine sliding controls for elderly/disabled unable to operate other machines
1981 C1 machine has ff, rewind, end of tape sensor and trach selector switches
1981 NLS produces 200 solar powered machines for ppl in remote areas
1987 all new recordings produced on cassette tapes
1988 - idea for DTBs comes from Swedish Library of TBs and Braille (TPB) due to dissatisfaction with audiocassette formats
1992 - CT-1 First talking book machine and cassette player combo is produced automatic reverse and track switching, no user intervention needed. Push down on needle to retract = less damage to disc
1994 - TPB releases first DAISY prototypr
May 1997 NLS, AFB and other blindness orgs meet to develop digital TBs
2002 standard for DTBs (Digital Talking Books) developed by LOC, AFB and others
Batelle, HumanWare, Canada and NFB develop a player that will accomodate flash cards and easy use for diverse array of ability
2006 - DTBs download test launched DTBs are much preferred due to ability to access chapters, section markers, etc.
DTBs are still sent through mail in blue, smaller containers for those who do not download
Moves backward and forward by time increments and allows electronic bookmarking inc. "highlighting"
Titles are transitioning to flash memory cards - transition completed 2012
9/2007 DTB machine = Victor Reader Stream $329.
Tech savvy blinds love audible.com, but have a softspot for TBs from NLS
Current DTB standard is ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005
Braille E-Reader concept raises E-ink dots via electronic impulse - no funding, of course
LaBelle, Shannon. (2007, March 27). Audiobooks and access to information for canadians with print disabilities. Retrieved from http://www.slais.ubc.ca/
Library of Congress, American Foundation for The Blind. (2009). Talking book exhibit New York, NY: American Foundation for The Blind. Retrieved from http://www.afb.org/talkingbook/talkingbookgallery.asp?GalleryID=37
Tuesday, February 8, 2011
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 14
Postmodernism in Design 1970's - 1980's and beyond
Postmodernism sought to discredit originality - but produced original work
"Anything Goes" approach to design
Simulacra: images without context-free floating signs
No logo movement
expensive ad campaigns covered true human costs of production (sweat shops, etc.)
Seemed like young ppl running amok, throwing out every design precedent inc. legibility
Antihumanism
Punk stylings embrace the void
Hip hop one of richest expressions of post-modernism
Apple by MacIntosh transforms the design world with Photoshop
Postmodernism sought to discredit originality - but produced original work
"Anything Goes" approach to design
Simulacra: images without context-free floating signs
No logo movement
expensive ad campaigns covered true human costs of production (sweat shops, etc.)
Seemed like young ppl running amok, throwing out every design precedent inc. legibility
Antihumanism
Punk stylings embrace the void
Hip hop one of richest expressions of post-modernism
Apple by MacIntosh transforms the design world with Photoshop
Monday, February 7, 2011
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 13
Pop and Protest 1960's - 1970's
Ads begin to invert advertising logic
Coolness becomes a factor
consumers like to feel -in the know-
Fun, playful, clever
Counter culture erupts
back to the land movement
Consumers knew they were being manipulated
People became very concerned about their image
Medium was the message and also the massage
Pop style - illusion of freedom
Relative Sexual liberation
Youth culture bloomed
magazines began to be geared toward women and African Americans
Airbrushing images became norm
Mail Art begins
Psychedelic drugs influenced design aesthetic
Protests against Vietnam war began - graphic artists volunteered their services
Zines began operating outside print system
Revolutionary propaganda
Debord theorizes that we consume symbols
Postmodernism - the party's over
Learning from Las Vegas by Muriel Cooper exposed modernism as a style
Ads begin to invert advertising logic
Coolness becomes a factor
consumers like to feel -in the know-
Fun, playful, clever
Counter culture erupts
back to the land movement
Consumers knew they were being manipulated
People became very concerned about their image
Medium was the message and also the massage
Pop style - illusion of freedom
Relative Sexual liberation
Youth culture bloomed
magazines began to be geared toward women and African Americans
Airbrushing images became norm
Mail Art begins
Psychedelic drugs influenced design aesthetic
Protests against Vietnam war began - graphic artists volunteered their services
Zines began operating outside print system
Revolutionary propaganda
Debord theorizes that we consume symbols
Postmodernism - the party's over
Learning from Las Vegas by Muriel Cooper exposed modernism as a style
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 12
Corporate Identities and International Style 1950's - 1970's
Graphic Designers start to work toward establishing corporate identities
large multi-national corporations attempted to make the public feel like they were one entity with one identity/brand
Branding of a corporation was more of a plan of action, type fonts, logos, packaging
An international smbol language was invented, included cultural biases
International style of graphic design, grid-based, Suisse created
Design came back into objects vs. mass produced sameness
Simplicity in design conveys a powerful presence
Kenneth Boulding's 1956 book "THe Image"
Graphic Design journals blossomed
Ads often focused on one word, fonted just so, to establish a brand
Publishers sought to differentiate their books from advertisements with design techniues
Graphic Designers start to work toward establishing corporate identities
large multi-national corporations attempted to make the public feel like they were one entity with one identity/brand
Branding of a corporation was more of a plan of action, type fonts, logos, packaging
An international smbol language was invented, included cultural biases
International style of graphic design, grid-based, Suisse created
Design came back into objects vs. mass produced sameness
Simplicity in design conveys a powerful presence
Kenneth Boulding's 1956 book "THe Image"
Graphic Design journals blossomed
Ads often focused on one word, fonted just so, to establish a brand
Publishers sought to differentiate their books from advertisements with design techniues
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 11
Public Interest Campaigns and Information Design 1930's-1950's
Large scaled, publicly funded information campaigns
Objectivity presumed in photojournalism
Public depended on information during wartime
Promotion of social norms as common sense, no thought given to stereotyping
WPA produced more than 2000 posters
Political agendas become obvious arian ideals, more concentration on the hwole v. individualism
Women were shown images of women working
Recycling efforts, rationing info, etc
Pictographic schemes developed - visual Esperanto
Information design
Information analysis and design process
Scientific strandards develop - graphs, charts, etc
Graphic representation of scientific principles was important to public understanding
Graphical info removes human component
Information design is propaganda
removes idea of error when scientifically presented
How can anyone argue with facts?
Large scaled, publicly funded information campaigns
Objectivity presumed in photojournalism
Public depended on information during wartime
Promotion of social norms as common sense, no thought given to stereotyping
WPA produced more than 2000 posters
Political agendas become obvious arian ideals, more concentration on the hwole v. individualism
Women were shown images of women working
Recycling efforts, rationing info, etc
Pictographic schemes developed - visual Esperanto
Information design
Information analysis and design process
Scientific strandards develop - graphs, charts, etc
Graphic representation of scientific principles was important to public understanding
Graphical info removes human component
Information design is propaganda
removes idea of error when scientifically presented
How can anyone argue with facts?
Saturday, February 5, 2011
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 10
The Culture of Consumption 1920's - 1930's
Lifestyle fantasies are created by advertisers
Marketable design concepts differentiate bt similar products
Purchases began to indicate status vs. meeting needs
Avant Garde art stylings began to show up in advertisements
Futurism sneaks up on Constructivism
Heavy influence from Russian design apparent
Modern design is closer to engineering than decoration
Advertisers kept American dream alive even during depression
Outdoor advertising began
Market analysis is born
Women's bodies are used in different ways to advertise
Conformity = side effect of ads
Ad agencies start to adveritse for themselves
Times New Roman for London Times by Stanley Morison - 1932
Lifestyle fantasies are created by advertisers
Marketable design concepts differentiate bt similar products
Purchases began to indicate status vs. meeting needs
Avant Garde art stylings began to show up in advertisements
Futurism sneaks up on Constructivism
Heavy influence from Russian design apparent
Modern design is closer to engineering than decoration
Advertisers kept American dream alive even during depression
Outdoor advertising began
Market analysis is born
Women's bodies are used in different ways to advertise
Conformity = side effect of ads
Ad agencies start to adveritse for themselves
Times New Roman for London Times by Stanley Morison - 1932
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 9
Innovation and Persuasion 1910-1930
Modernists wanted a break from the past
Design without indication of historical context - not really possible
Futurists, Dadas - Avantgarde movements out to shock the bourgeoisie
Russian artists published their own avantgarde works without censorship
Dadas formed in Suisse used nonsense to protest war
Constructivists tried to define limits of art and design
Wanted to overturn oppressive sturcture of the world
Political propaganda posters take effect in World War I
Peaceful imagery on war time propaganda posters relax ppl into idea of conflict
Images of domesticity inspired soldiers
Propaganda also used to adjust societal roles of women: voting, driving, etc
Bauhaus established in 1919 inaugurated design as we know it
Based on manifesto by Walter Gropius
Established idea of design as a discipline
Closed by Nazis in 1933
Avantgarde principles were absorbed and applied to different art forms
"Art and technology! A new unity!"
Graphic designers were imprisoned and killed for anti-nationalistic typeface
Modernists wanted a break from the past
Design without indication of historical context - not really possible
Futurists, Dadas - Avantgarde movements out to shock the bourgeoisie
Russian artists published their own avantgarde works without censorship
Dadas formed in Suisse used nonsense to protest war
Constructivists tried to define limits of art and design
Wanted to overturn oppressive sturcture of the world
Political propaganda posters take effect in World War I
Peaceful imagery on war time propaganda posters relax ppl into idea of conflict
Images of domesticity inspired soldiers
Propaganda also used to adjust societal roles of women: voting, driving, etc
Bauhaus established in 1919 inaugurated design as we know it
Based on manifesto by Walter Gropius
Established idea of design as a discipline
Closed by Nazis in 1933
Avantgarde principles were absorbed and applied to different art forms
"Art and technology! A new unity!"
Graphic designers were imprisoned and killed for anti-nationalistic typeface
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 8
Formations of the Modern Movement 1880's - 1910's
Backlash against mass production - fear that it is spiritually demoralizing
Arts and Crafts movement, William Morris and others
Belief in beauty of well-crafted everyday objects
Troy font - Morris
Arts and crafts movement spread everywhere
Japan opens to trade and Japanese influence enters design work
Art Nouveau
Movement that rejected elitism, brought about forms of common life with Japanese design techniques
Heavy natural elements
Jugendstil
Design journal from Germany: Jugend
Organic forms, female forms
Vienna Secession decided to display their work outside the fine art academy
Gustav Klimt was intellectual leader of movement
Viennese secession eschewed decorative excess
Loving Koloman Moser's work
Aubrey Beardsley illustrated Wilde's Salome
Professional journals begin to develop
Fine press movement works on typefaces, making them most legible
Search for universal language of form had begun
Backlash against mass production - fear that it is spiritually demoralizing
Arts and Crafts movement, William Morris and others
Belief in beauty of well-crafted everyday objects
Troy font - Morris
Arts and crafts movement spread everywhere
Japan opens to trade and Japanese influence enters design work
Art Nouveau
Movement that rejected elitism, brought about forms of common life with Japanese design techniques
Heavy natural elements
Jugendstil
Design journal from Germany: Jugend
Organic forms, female forms
Vienna Secession decided to display their work outside the fine art academy
Gustav Klimt was intellectual leader of movement
Viennese secession eschewed decorative excess
Loving Koloman Moser's work
Aubrey Beardsley illustrated Wilde's Salome
Professional journals begin to develop
Fine press movement works on typefaces, making them most legible
Search for universal language of form had begun
Friday, February 4, 2011
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 7
Mass Mediation 1850-1900's
Printed materials start to feel natural
Print technology improves
Electricity replaces steam
High speed automation increases production of print
Graphics pervaded culture
mass media forms entire social infrastructure
standardization was happening
subtexts of messages influence, behavioral prototypes
paper was ultra abundant
The design of this book is getting on my nerves
Linotype and Monotype machines innovate industry
Finest work of nineteenth century illustrators was happening just before advent of photos
Women enter workforce - design force
Photography is for everyone
paper money becomes widely used- print is valuable
Stamps worth postage
Telegraphy enhanced pervasiveness of media
Telephones changed consciousness
Electricity = many more products available, longer work hours, more needs
All fields underwent technological advancement, from accounting to hairdressing
Typewriters become ubiquitous
Unregulated advertising
Brand recognition begins
Advertising becomes a business, aware of itself & ability to manipulate
First celebrity graphic artists
Printed materials start to feel natural
Print technology improves
Electricity replaces steam
High speed automation increases production of print
Graphics pervaded culture
mass media forms entire social infrastructure
standardization was happening
subtexts of messages influence, behavioral prototypes
paper was ultra abundant
The design of this book is getting on my nerves
Linotype and Monotype machines innovate industry
Finest work of nineteenth century illustrators was happening just before advent of photos
Women enter workforce - design force
Photography is for everyone
paper money becomes widely used- print is valuable
Stamps worth postage
Telegraphy enhanced pervasiveness of media
Telephones changed consciousness
Electricity = many more products available, longer work hours, more needs
All fields underwent technological advancement, from accounting to hairdressing
Typewriters become ubiquitous
Unregulated advertising
Brand recognition begins
Advertising becomes a business, aware of itself & ability to manipulate
First celebrity graphic artists
Tuesday, February 1, 2011
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 6
The Graphic Effects of Industrial Production 1800-1850
Color appears in print - more woodblock type processes
Advertisements become common - create mass markets=new visual culture
publications began to mediate social values
Lord Byron = first tabloid celeb, "Mad, Bad and Dangerous to know."
Print became pervasive in society
Competition for readers begins
Standards of beauty and style pervaded
Newspapers became a cultural force
Labels, menus, etc
Gender based ideals and branding of magazines began
Idea of self-improvement reading takes hold
Printing becomes very inexpensive
First stereotypes created
Book are lavishly illustrated
Lithography is invented - more realistic images
Daguerreotypes offer even more realistic images
Photographs thought of as infallible
Railroad = wider dissemination of print materials
Bills were being posted everywhere
Chromolithography arrives - color lithographs
Fine art and graphic artists split
Graphic arts mediate the values of modern life same as fine art
William Blake survived on his graphic arts, creating books of fine art poetry
Press became powerful influence, socially, politically
Mass media culture becomes established
Color appears in print - more woodblock type processes
Advertisements become common - create mass markets=new visual culture
publications began to mediate social values
Lord Byron = first tabloid celeb, "Mad, Bad and Dangerous to know."
Print became pervasive in society
Competition for readers begins
Standards of beauty and style pervaded
Newspapers became a cultural force
Labels, menus, etc
Gender based ideals and branding of magazines began
Idea of self-improvement reading takes hold
Printing becomes very inexpensive
First stereotypes created
Book are lavishly illustrated
Lithography is invented - more realistic images
Daguerreotypes offer even more realistic images
Photographs thought of as infallible
Railroad = wider dissemination of print materials
Bills were being posted everywhere
Chromolithography arrives - color lithographs
Fine art and graphic artists split
Graphic arts mediate the values of modern life same as fine art
William Blake survived on his graphic arts, creating books of fine art poetry
Press became powerful influence, socially, politically
Mass media culture becomes established
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 5
Modern Typography and the Creation of the Public Sphere
Print became a space for debate - the new Roman forum
Newspapers were sensationalizing violence during this period
Wide spread scientific information was beginning to banish superstitious beliefs
First "true murder" zines widely spread, gory details
Industry newsletters were the first forms of newspapers among bankers, traders, etc.
Coffee and newspapers were the big time wasters of the era
News bound the colonists together via perceived common experience
John Adams - Te revolution started in the hearts and minds of ppl long before the fighting via newspapers
Printers created a brand of independence via graphic design
Revolutionary papers began
Freedom of the press becomes an ideal
All factions tried to suppress their enemies' pov
England seems to be behind the curve on printing technology
Informational charts appear
Business cards appear
royal fonts used without permission = imprisonment
England finally got its own font, Baskerville
Bodoni, famous Italian graphic designer, mentee of Baskerville
Engravers copyright act passed in England
Print became a space for debate - the new Roman forum
Newspapers were sensationalizing violence during this period
Wide spread scientific information was beginning to banish superstitious beliefs
First "true murder" zines widely spread, gory details
Industry newsletters were the first forms of newspapers among bankers, traders, etc.
Coffee and newspapers were the big time wasters of the era
News bound the colonists together via perceived common experience
John Adams - Te revolution started in the hearts and minds of ppl long before the fighting via newspapers
Printers created a brand of independence via graphic design
Revolutionary papers began
Freedom of the press becomes an ideal
All factions tried to suppress their enemies' pov
England seems to be behind the curve on printing technology
Informational charts appear
Business cards appear
royal fonts used without permission = imprisonment
England finally got its own font, Baskerville
Bodoni, famous Italian graphic designer, mentee of Baskerville
Engravers copyright act passed in England
Monday, January 31, 2011
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 4
Renaissance Design: Standardization and Modularization in Print 1450-1660
Gutenberg Bible 1455 - first book printed with movable type
Graphic design became very influential with printing press use
advancements sped up via shared information in all disciplines
First logos used by printers in colophons - form of advertising
early typefaces mimicked scripts
printing involved different processes performed by specialists
Graphic design became integral part of printing industry
graphic incunabula - illustrrated works printed before 1500 that enriched common ppls lives, information /entertainment
Humanism emerged as ppl, v. churches, could be the center of knowledge
Women still not educated
Science flourished and struggled with church
Secular and religious art flourished
Printers felt their work was very important
Much business booming in Renaissance made for plenty of jobs, receipt making, accounting, etc.
Metallurgical advancements helped printing industry greatly
Art started to describe a single viewpoint / perspective = humanistic
Thinking just changed in humans
Started to see a drawing as a projection of 3d onto 1d - Durer grid drawing
Netherlands became the seat of printing as there wasn't so much pressure from church as in France
French draftsmen fled to Holland in order to be able to do their work unfettered
Type mold was hand carved until 19th century
Typefaces were associated with the language they were written in
Orderly page layout is mark of the period
Many "portraits" were templates that could be slightly altered to resemble kings, etc = Ren. Clipart
Copperplate engravings allowed more detail than woodblocks for illustration
printed images became part of collective unconscious
Early tabloids sensationalized events
ppl started to experiment with artistic use of printing techniques
Maps were being printed with Europe in the center of world, this spread Eurocentric thought
Books were often banned if they were seen as antithetical to Catholicism
Printers were burned at the stake for protestant pubs
Printing really established itself into European Culture
Gutenberg Bible 1455 - first book printed with movable type
Graphic design became very influential with printing press use
advancements sped up via shared information in all disciplines
First logos used by printers in colophons - form of advertising
early typefaces mimicked scripts
printing involved different processes performed by specialists
Graphic design became integral part of printing industry
graphic incunabula - illustrrated works printed before 1500 that enriched common ppls lives, information /entertainment
Humanism emerged as ppl, v. churches, could be the center of knowledge
Women still not educated
Science flourished and struggled with church
Secular and religious art flourished
Printers felt their work was very important
Much business booming in Renaissance made for plenty of jobs, receipt making, accounting, etc.
Metallurgical advancements helped printing industry greatly
Art started to describe a single viewpoint / perspective = humanistic
Thinking just changed in humans
Started to see a drawing as a projection of 3d onto 1d - Durer grid drawing
Netherlands became the seat of printing as there wasn't so much pressure from church as in France
French draftsmen fled to Holland in order to be able to do their work unfettered
Type mold was hand carved until 19th century
Typefaces were associated with the language they were written in
Orderly page layout is mark of the period
Many "portraits" were templates that could be slightly altered to resemble kings, etc = Ren. Clipart
Copperplate engravings allowed more detail than woodblocks for illustration
printed images became part of collective unconscious
Early tabloids sensationalized events
ppl started to experiment with artistic use of printing techniques
Maps were being printed with Europe in the center of world, this spread Eurocentric thought
Books were often banned if they were seen as antithetical to Catholicism
Printers were burned at the stake for protestant pubs
Printing really established itself into European Culture
Saturday, January 29, 2011
Drucker&McVarish Dates
35000BCE-2700BCE Prehistoric Period
200000BCE biologically modern humans emerge
20000BCE Venus of Willendorf created
9000BCE - Altamira Cave Paintings created
1870's CE - Altamira Cave PAintings Discovered
5000BCE-2000BCE - Neolithic Period
8000BCE First protowriting appears
Add relevant items from Page 8 Timeline
10000BCE hallelujah Man on painted stones created Mas D'Azil France
3000BCE Mesopotamian Clay tokens = cash register receipts
1800BCE Indus Valley Script
1300BCE Oracle Bones created in China
3200BCE First writing = Mesopotamian Script
2000BCE First maps invented in Sumer
1250 CE Dresden Codex - Yucatan created
60000BCE Language thought to have first emerged
3000BCE - Narmer Palette created
300 CE - Hieroglyphics banned in Egypt
1000BCE Moabite stone created by Mesa, King of Moab
700BCE - first vowels added to Greek language "reading aides"
600 CE Runes invented in northern Europe
400BCE monoline (aligned) script appears in Greek writing
403BCE Ionic Script becomes official Greek Alphabet
100CE cursive and majascule appear in Rome
400CE- Codex (book) arises from classical to medieval literacy
410CE Rome sacked - Classical Period ends
Add relevant developments from timeline on pg. 43
400CE Codex replaces other information formats
100CE Paper first produced in China
1150CE paper making in Europe
200000BCE biologically modern humans emerge
20000BCE Venus of Willendorf created
9000BCE - Altamira Cave Paintings created
1870's CE - Altamira Cave PAintings Discovered
5000BCE-2000BCE - Neolithic Period
8000BCE First protowriting appears
Add relevant items from Page 8 Timeline
10000BCE hallelujah Man on painted stones created Mas D'Azil France
3000BCE Mesopotamian Clay tokens = cash register receipts
1800BCE Indus Valley Script
1300BCE Oracle Bones created in China
3200BCE First writing = Mesopotamian Script
2000BCE First maps invented in Sumer
1250 CE Dresden Codex - Yucatan created
60000BCE Language thought to have first emerged
3000BCE - Narmer Palette created
300 CE - Hieroglyphics banned in Egypt
1000BCE Moabite stone created by Mesa, King of Moab
700BCE - first vowels added to Greek language "reading aides"
600 CE Runes invented in northern Europe
400BCE monoline (aligned) script appears in Greek writing
403BCE Ionic Script becomes official Greek Alphabet
100CE cursive and majascule appear in Rome
400CE- Codex (book) arises from classical to medieval literacy
410CE Rome sacked - Classical Period ends
Add relevant developments from timeline on pg. 43
400CE Codex replaces other information formats
100CE Paper first produced in China
1150CE paper making in Europe
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 3
Medieval Letterforms and Book Formats 400-1450CE
Publishing industry is founded
In early middle ages, moasteries were sole publishers (hand copied) books
Literate public of classical period was lost - literacy more rare in middle ages
Knowledge production and dissemination controlled by church
400CE Codex replaces other information formats
Medieval lettering styles linked to geographic and institutional sites
Some scripts became indicative of region since monks learned from each other
Multiple invasions during this period
evidence of cultural blending available via graphic design trends
Monastic publications made of materials produced onsite only - inks, pigments, parchments
Codex replaces scroll as document format
Magna Carta produced
Auctoritates - Collections of excerpts
Books started to be organized with different strategies, alphabetized, columns, etc.
Marginalia - Added by scholars - Later notes on reading the text
Decretals - Letters written by pope or bishop stating church laws
Living Manuscript - Notes and conversation written in margin space - can take place across time
Architecture of modern book invented during this period - chapters, running heads, indices, table of contents - navigational aides
Colophon at end of book provided details about scribe and production of book
Most medieval works were a mess - not these shining examples
Script - Model of letters
Hand - Actual writing
Elaborate Chancery was produced to make forgery impossible ex. Lettera Imperiale Venice 1523
Uncials (inch high letters) were not used by 700CE bc they made books huge
Scripto Continual - texts without word space paragraph space, etc.
Carolignian Miniscules - Charlemagne tried to encourage this standard way of writing 750-900CE an instrument of empire building
Ramsey Psalter - Example of ENglish adaptation of Carolignian Miniscules combined with other scripts
Different scripts assigned to different areas of study ex. Textura=for religious texts only Rotunda=humanistic studies
Hisotriated Letter contains an illustration
Secular study was recorded in long lines while bibles were in 2 columns
Many scripts became the inspiration for typefaces
Bastarda - "lowborn" writings of scholars v. clerics used for legal docs & letters
Script can indicate geographic origin of texts in medieval docs
Human components were often included, though ability to copy a script perfectly was more prized than creativity
Versals - Uncial forms with intricately woven storkes
Mere strokes of letters can indicate political or religious affiliations
Horror Vacui - impulse to cover entire surface with art
Pattern books were available to make letters
Text books with graphics started to show up for geometry and astronomy
Books on identifying herbs for remedies were very important to healing arts
As publishing became widespread and university students used books to learn, the beauty of the book as a work of art declined
Books were now being published for wide consumption, some printed in vernacular for literates, others printed in pictures for illiterates
Many playing cards (sheet dice) have survived this period though often outlawed
KNowledge production becomes an industry
Publishing industry is founded
In early middle ages, moasteries were sole publishers (hand copied) books
Literate public of classical period was lost - literacy more rare in middle ages
Knowledge production and dissemination controlled by church
400CE Codex replaces other information formats
Medieval lettering styles linked to geographic and institutional sites
Some scripts became indicative of region since monks learned from each other
Multiple invasions during this period
evidence of cultural blending available via graphic design trends
Monastic publications made of materials produced onsite only - inks, pigments, parchments
Codex replaces scroll as document format
Magna Carta produced
Auctoritates - Collections of excerpts
Books started to be organized with different strategies, alphabetized, columns, etc.
Marginalia - Added by scholars - Later notes on reading the text
Decretals - Letters written by pope or bishop stating church laws
Living Manuscript - Notes and conversation written in margin space - can take place across time
Architecture of modern book invented during this period - chapters, running heads, indices, table of contents - navigational aides
Colophon at end of book provided details about scribe and production of book
Most medieval works were a mess - not these shining examples
Script - Model of letters
Hand - Actual writing
Elaborate Chancery was produced to make forgery impossible ex. Lettera Imperiale Venice 1523
Uncials (inch high letters) were not used by 700CE bc they made books huge
Scripto Continual - texts without word space paragraph space, etc.
Carolignian Miniscules - Charlemagne tried to encourage this standard way of writing 750-900CE an instrument of empire building
Ramsey Psalter - Example of ENglish adaptation of Carolignian Miniscules combined with other scripts
Different scripts assigned to different areas of study ex. Textura=for religious texts only Rotunda=humanistic studies
Hisotriated Letter contains an illustration
Secular study was recorded in long lines while bibles were in 2 columns
Many scripts became the inspiration for typefaces
Bastarda - "lowborn" writings of scholars v. clerics used for legal docs & letters
Script can indicate geographic origin of texts in medieval docs
Human components were often included, though ability to copy a script perfectly was more prized than creativity
Versals - Uncial forms with intricately woven storkes
Mere strokes of letters can indicate political or religious affiliations
Horror Vacui - impulse to cover entire surface with art
Pattern books were available to make letters
Text books with graphics started to show up for geometry and astronomy
Books on identifying herbs for remedies were very important to healing arts
As publishing became widespread and university students used books to learn, the beauty of the book as a work of art declined
Books were now being published for wide consumption, some printed in vernacular for literates, others printed in pictures for illiterates
Many playing cards (sheet dice) have survived this period though often outlawed
KNowledge production becomes an industry
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 2
Classical Literacy 700BCE-400CE
Classical period marked social distinction of writing
Trading Phoenicians spread scripts throughout Mediterranean region
400BCE monoline (aligned) script appears in Greek writing
403BCE Ionic Script becomes official Greek Alphabet
Schools were established in Athens teaching rhetorical skills
Graphic stability of Roman letterforms indicates stable power structure in society
bound notebooks and scrolls are becoming widely used
Ostraca- bits of discarded pottery = scratch paper
Milestones along roads with Roman decrees
Majascule - Upper Case Mina scule - lower case
We still use Roman Majascule to mark time
Tiro (Cicero's slave) invented shorthand to transcribe his master's speeches
ordinator provided guidelines, carver would chisel
Formal and informal scripts noted in this period
Two fonts were developed - gestural, cursive - handwriting for ephemeral purposes, done quickly
and intellectually constructed idealized letters following strict forms for official purposes absolute consistency
Serif - small crosslines at the ends of the strokes of a letter
First fonts created by carvers - signature fonts
Classical period marked social distinction of writing
Trading Phoenicians spread scripts throughout Mediterranean region
400BCE monoline (aligned) script appears in Greek writing
403BCE Ionic Script becomes official Greek Alphabet
Schools were established in Athens teaching rhetorical skills
Graphic stability of Roman letterforms indicates stable power structure in society
bound notebooks and scrolls are becoming widely used
Ostraca- bits of discarded pottery = scratch paper
Milestones along roads with Roman decrees
Majascule - Upper Case Mina scule - lower case
We still use Roman Majascule to mark time
Tiro (Cicero's slave) invented shorthand to transcribe his master's speeches
ordinator provided guidelines, carver would chisel
Formal and informal scripts noted in this period
Two fonts were developed - gestural, cursive - handwriting for ephemeral purposes, done quickly
and intellectually constructed idealized letters following strict forms for official purposes absolute consistency
Serif - small crosslines at the ends of the strokes of a letter
First fonts created by carvers - signature fonts
Drucker&McVarish Chapter 1
Early Writing: Mark making, Notation Systems and Scripts
Shift from oral to literate culture noted
oral communication = ephemeral
writing endures
Rongo Rongo script (Easter Island) has never been deciphered!
Marks are deeply significant - symbolize separateness of humans & their words & each other& different from intervals that separate them
Hallelujah Man on painted stones Mas D'Azil France 10000 BCE
3000BCE Mesopotamian Clay tokens = cash register receipts
1800BCE Indus Valley Script
Same info as Ong, but so helpful to have photos!!
quantity is a huge conceptual leap from counting
phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny
a sign that symbolizes "fourness" = 4
1300BCE Oracle Bones created in China - precursor to modern chinese characters heat cracked bone, pigment rubbed in to cracks
Early Chinese symbols look just like those stones from France. Why not a written language?
Writing = graphic forms that specifically express language
Characters for each object don't count
Some characteristics of writing and speaking are not interchangeable
ex: A decorative initial or a seductive tone
I am adding performance artist to my resume because I do quote fingers
3200BCE First writing = Mesopotamian Script
2000BCE First maps invented in Sumer
Cuneiform has never been deciphered? What about Zecharia Sitchin????
1250 CE Dresden Codex - Yucatan created
Cuneiform was adopted several times and made to adapt to several spoken languages
Scripts are adapted via varying writing technologies
Excellent language tree on pg. 17
60000BCE Language thought to have first emerged via biological evolutionary developments of skull
3000BCE - Narmer Palette created - Fully formed hieroglyphic language
Hieroglyphic spacing important - close together = one meaning, spread apart, another
300 CE - Hieroglyphics banned in Egypt under theodosius as Christianity takes over
1000BCE Moabite stone created by Mesa, King of Moab shows uniform script with consistently practiced penmanship
700BCE - first vowels added to Greek language "reading aides"
600 CE Runes invented in northern Europe
Written texts seem to transcend human authorship - laws, decrees, etc.
Written language is precursor to advancing technologies
Writing considered a divine gift by many societies
Prometheus stole writing from the Gods = eternal torment
Shift from oral to literate culture noted
oral communication = ephemeral
writing endures
Rongo Rongo script (Easter Island) has never been deciphered!
Marks are deeply significant - symbolize separateness of humans & their words & each other& different from intervals that separate them
Hallelujah Man on painted stones Mas D'Azil France 10000 BCE
3000BCE Mesopotamian Clay tokens = cash register receipts
1800BCE Indus Valley Script
Same info as Ong, but so helpful to have photos!!
quantity is a huge conceptual leap from counting
phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny
a sign that symbolizes "fourness" = 4
1300BCE Oracle Bones created in China - precursor to modern chinese characters heat cracked bone, pigment rubbed in to cracks
Early Chinese symbols look just like those stones from France. Why not a written language?
Writing = graphic forms that specifically express language
Characters for each object don't count
Some characteristics of writing and speaking are not interchangeable
ex: A decorative initial or a seductive tone
I am adding performance artist to my resume because I do quote fingers
3200BCE First writing = Mesopotamian Script
2000BCE First maps invented in Sumer
Cuneiform has never been deciphered? What about Zecharia Sitchin????
1250 CE Dresden Codex - Yucatan created
Cuneiform was adopted several times and made to adapt to several spoken languages
Scripts are adapted via varying writing technologies
Excellent language tree on pg. 17
60000BCE Language thought to have first emerged via biological evolutionary developments of skull
3000BCE - Narmer Palette created - Fully formed hieroglyphic language
Hieroglyphic spacing important - close together = one meaning, spread apart, another
300 CE - Hieroglyphics banned in Egypt under theodosius as Christianity takes over
1000BCE Moabite stone created by Mesa, King of Moab shows uniform script with consistently practiced penmanship
700BCE - first vowels added to Greek language "reading aides"
600 CE Runes invented in northern Europe
Written texts seem to transcend human authorship - laws, decrees, etc.
Written language is precursor to advancing technologies
Writing considered a divine gift by many societies
Prometheus stole writing from the Gods = eternal torment
Drucker&McVarish Preface/Prehistoric Prelude
John McCain - Character is Destiny has same font and size as Women who Run with Wolves
Graphics always serve an agenda
design is a cultural practice
Role of graphic artist has evolved from artisan>celebrity
History of Graphic Design can be invisible to us
pages can be designed to bring things to mind - newspaper article, leisure book, etc
history of style=history of culture
I am adding graphic designer to my resume - also multi-media artist for posting yt videos to FB
We don't know names of graphic designers, but work is ubiquitous
Limitations of technology influence design - (You are not a gadget by Jaron Lanier)
Every graphic artifact expresses a POV and context - font-paper type-gender-race representations
Every graphic artifact mediates social relations
The art of graphics is the unspoken statement
Graphics are fraught with cultural baggage
A critical history attempts to unveil the ideological basis of a conventional history
any seamless, linear story is false
Good list of preface arguments on xxix
Prehistoric Prelude to Graphic Design
Prehistoric art exhibits deliberate intention and high level of craft
Goldilocks zone? LOL
Standing upright enables use of hands for tools and symbols (200000BCE)
...only humans have the capacity to represent abstract and absent phenomenon in symbolic form." FALSE - apes can sign.
Venus of Willendorf artist avoided face: too hard! Sized to hold in hand
Altamira cave paintings show intention to make likeness as realistic as possible - careful pigment mixtures, etc.
Cave paintings seem to follow strict guidelines in style
Gap between thinking and making is crucial to all forms of design
8000BCE first protowriting to mark ownership of stored grain harvests
Graphics always serve an agenda
design is a cultural practice
Role of graphic artist has evolved from artisan>celebrity
History of Graphic Design can be invisible to us
pages can be designed to bring things to mind - newspaper article, leisure book, etc
history of style=history of culture
I am adding graphic designer to my resume - also multi-media artist for posting yt videos to FB
We don't know names of graphic designers, but work is ubiquitous
Limitations of technology influence design - (You are not a gadget by Jaron Lanier)
Every graphic artifact expresses a POV and context - font-paper type-gender-race representations
Every graphic artifact mediates social relations
The art of graphics is the unspoken statement
Graphics are fraught with cultural baggage
A critical history attempts to unveil the ideological basis of a conventional history
any seamless, linear story is false
Good list of preface arguments on xxix
Prehistoric Prelude to Graphic Design
Prehistoric art exhibits deliberate intention and high level of craft
Goldilocks zone? LOL
Standing upright enables use of hands for tools and symbols (200000BCE)
...only humans have the capacity to represent abstract and absent phenomenon in symbolic form." FALSE - apes can sign.
Venus of Willendorf artist avoided face: too hard! Sized to hold in hand
Altamira cave paintings show intention to make likeness as realistic as possible - careful pigment mixtures, etc.
Cave paintings seem to follow strict guidelines in style
Gap between thinking and making is crucial to all forms of design
8000BCE first protowriting to mark ownership of stored grain harvests
Saturday, January 15, 2011
Ong Chapter 6
Oral Memory, The Story Line and Characterization
Primacy of the StoryLine
looking at print effect on narrative
narrative exists in time like human life
story lines are embedded in flow of time
narrative and oral cultures
oral tradition is based on narratives
print makes narrative retrievable
oral=narrative is lost after spoken
Oral Memory and the Story Line
big difference in literate v. oral narrative is memory functioning
oral plot not 'Freytag's pyramid'-linear plot/tying and untying of a knot
Greek plot describes event, much later explains how it came to be
oral plot is boxes within boxes (thematic reoccurances)v. pyramid
Thus John Milton explains in the ‘Argument’ to Book I of
Paradise Lost that, after proposing ‘in brief the whole subject’ of
the poem and touching upon ‘the prime cause’ of Adam’s fall ‘the
Poem hasts into the midst of things.’
oral-gets right to the action
literate-describes beginning,middle,end
drama-literate, epic-oral
plot is a life minus all unimportant details
oral plot-episodic structure
oral performance is rememberance of songs sung, not personal ideas
THe bard shows his personality by way he recites v. storyline\
Sappho wrote poems temporally
Closure of Plot: Travelogue to Detective Story
Novel made the definitive break from episodic structure
Detective stories were a break from episodic structure
Action builds ,reveal, then all details were relevant
oral protagonist=physical action
print protagonist=interior consciousness
‘The letter kills; the spirit gives life’ (2 Corinthians 3:6)
Avantgarde literature deplots or obscures plot-too easy
The Round Character, writing and print
Oral=flat, heavy/iconic characters
Novel perfected round character
round character not possible without analysis/introspection writing brings about
writing brought interiorization of the world
Print brings personal relationship with religious texts/^introspection
flat characters exist in simpler stories/advertising/westerns
Jolly Green Giant=Fertility God LOL!
Round character marks consciousness change
Depth psychology produces more cokmplicated characters
This depth of analysis not possible without written word
Primacy of the StoryLine
looking at print effect on narrative
narrative exists in time like human life
story lines are embedded in flow of time
narrative and oral cultures
oral tradition is based on narratives
print makes narrative retrievable
oral=narrative is lost after spoken
Oral Memory and the Story Line
big difference in literate v. oral narrative is memory functioning
oral plot not 'Freytag's pyramid'-linear plot/tying and untying of a knot
Greek plot describes event, much later explains how it came to be
oral plot is boxes within boxes (thematic reoccurances)v. pyramid
Thus John Milton explains in the ‘Argument’ to Book I of
Paradise Lost that, after proposing ‘in brief the whole subject’ of
the poem and touching upon ‘the prime cause’ of Adam’s fall ‘the
Poem hasts into the midst of things.’
oral-gets right to the action
literate-describes beginning,middle,end
drama-literate, epic-oral
plot is a life minus all unimportant details
oral plot-episodic structure
oral performance is rememberance of songs sung, not personal ideas
THe bard shows his personality by way he recites v. storyline\
Sappho wrote poems temporally
Closure of Plot: Travelogue to Detective Story
Novel made the definitive break from episodic structure
Detective stories were a break from episodic structure
Action builds ,reveal, then all details were relevant
oral protagonist=physical action
print protagonist=interior consciousness
‘The letter kills; the spirit gives life’ (2 Corinthians 3:6)
Avantgarde literature deplots or obscures plot-too easy
The Round Character, writing and print
Oral=flat, heavy/iconic characters
Novel perfected round character
round character not possible without analysis/introspection writing brings about
writing brought interiorization of the world
Print brings personal relationship with religious texts/^introspection
flat characters exist in simpler stories/advertising/westerns
Jolly Green Giant=Fertility God LOL!
Round character marks consciousness change
Depth psychology produces more cokmplicated characters
This depth of analysis not possible without written word
Ong Chapter 5
Print, Space and Closure
Hearing Dominance yields to Sight Dominance
i read to myself to understand-aural v. sight alone
reading aloud ^comprehension
no typos until chapter 5
print reading different than writing reading
print=authority,tidy,cold
manuscript=human,imperfect
print=quick undisturbed reading
manuscript=may have to decipher words
print=consumer oriented
manuscript=benefit copyist
first books-recorded utterances
Space and Meaning
indexes
lists=writing at the service of orality
print organizes words for better retrieval
visually organized v. orally
incipit=first words of text
often no titles
Books, contents and labels
Meaningful Surface
exacting print helped science evolve
typographic space
spacing words as an art form now possible
Tristram Shandy=artistic use of blank pages
Concrete Poetry/visual poetry
more diffuse effects
print brought widespread illlustrations
pictures of icons-oral heroes
print=private ownership of words
first copyright = privilegium
word became commodity
Print and closure: intertextuality
print & writing = closure
thoughts of author in final form
intertextuality=text cannot be created merely from lived experience
oral artform borrowed and borrowed
text artform each book is seperate
Post-Typography:Electronics
electronic devices are printing more books-not eliminating them
orals believe oral exchange formal
literates=informal oral exchange
technology=second orality
secondary orality audience is global village
secondary orality choses to turn outward, primary had no choice
Hearing Dominance yields to Sight Dominance
i read to myself to understand-aural v. sight alone
reading aloud ^comprehension
no typos until chapter 5
print reading different than writing reading
print=authority,tidy,cold
manuscript=human,imperfect
print=quick undisturbed reading
manuscript=may have to decipher words
print=consumer oriented
manuscript=benefit copyist
first books-recorded utterances
Space and Meaning
indexes
lists=writing at the service of orality
print organizes words for better retrieval
visually organized v. orally
incipit=first words of text
often no titles
Books, contents and labels
Meaningful Surface
exacting print helped science evolve
typographic space
spacing words as an art form now possible
Tristram Shandy=artistic use of blank pages
Concrete Poetry/visual poetry
more diffuse effects
print brought widespread illlustrations
pictures of icons-oral heroes
print=private ownership of words
first copyright = privilegium
word became commodity
Print and closure: intertextuality
print & writing = closure
thoughts of author in final form
intertextuality=text cannot be created merely from lived experience
oral artform borrowed and borrowed
text artform each book is seperate
Post-Typography:Electronics
electronic devices are printing more books-not eliminating them
orals believe oral exchange formal
literates=informal oral exchange
technology=second orality
secondary orality audience is global village
secondary orality choses to turn outward, primary had no choice
Ong Chapter 4
Writing Restructures Consciousness
oral discourse cannot be detached from author
text doesn't change/has authority
Plato - writing destroys memory - rely on text v. memory
Plato only thought that way via writing
Plato- writing is dead/inhuman
Dead text survives generations v. orality
Writing is a technology
alien technology
no way to write naturally v. speaking
speech lives in unconscious even grammar rules
technology enhances human life
What is writing or script
first script Sumeria 3500 bc
notch marking and symbols were precursors
Even an alphabet sometimes needs context "read"
Many Scripts, one alphabet
tokens have been used in lieu of alphabet
rebus writing = mill+walk+key
Most scripts are hybrid/symbols and letters
Hebrew & Arabic have no vowels
Greek alphabet is utilitarian
Chinese alphabet elitist requires leisur time to learn
Korean alphabet liberated itself from Chinese characters
Onset of Literacy
Writing is seen as magic to orals
First stage of literacy is craft literacy - hired reader/writer
in writing, "the whole body labors" - Orderic Vitalis
Early literates were mindful of how the text would sound if spoken
From Memory to Written Records
live witness can defend testimony as opposed to text
Texts were not dated
ppl didn't understand relevance of what number of calendar year
they did not track their own exact age
orality knows no charts/lists/figures
Genesis begat records use oral strategies
texts never written from bottom to top
Some Dynamics of Textuality
No intonations available/subtleties of meaning lost
Writers and readers are fictional
writing can be communication with dead source
Diaries particularly difficult - fictionalizing
A reader must situate himself
Authors like Joyce demand impossible audience
Finnegan's Wake reads well aloud
Distance, Precision, Grapholects, Magnavocabularies
writing = precise / oral=human/proverbial
writing can be erased- words once spoken are there
oral=avoids correction/ruins credibility
writing=corrections very helpful
Plato benefitted from analysis of writing & oral structure
Writing allows introspection - religious texts
writing effects speech dialects bt literate & non-literate
writing expresses unfamiliar precisely
lower class = oralbased
upper class=textbased
oral-contextbased
writing-languagemeaningbased
dialect to written language takes on changes=grapholect
grapholect bears marks of milions of minds which have used it to share their consciousness with one another
grapholect vocabulary exponentially larger than oral
Dictionaries = good example of writing altering consciousness
many more resources available in a grapholect v. dialect
Interactions: Rhetoric and the Places
rhetorical-oral philosophical-chirographic
loci communes used in rhetoric provided arguments and proverb formulae
Some poetry was created to show of orator skills
Women authors were less influenced by rhetoric-educated in vernacular schools
Interactions: Learned Languages
latin formed thousands of dialects via speech/regions
written latin evolved differently/school language
Learned Latin male rite of passage from school
mother tongues live in unconscious, not learned latin
Classical education aimed to produce orators v. writers
Learned Latin=language devoid of orality
mother tongues=used by mothers raising kids
now all written languages are mother tongues
Tenaciousness of Orality
modern doctoral dissertation defense proves oration skills
rhetoric education now means effective writing
oral discourse cannot be detached from author
text doesn't change/has authority
Plato - writing destroys memory - rely on text v. memory
Plato only thought that way via writing
Plato- writing is dead/inhuman
Dead text survives generations v. orality
Writing is a technology
alien technology
no way to write naturally v. speaking
speech lives in unconscious even grammar rules
technology enhances human life
What is writing or script
first script Sumeria 3500 bc
notch marking and symbols were precursors
Even an alphabet sometimes needs context "read"
Many Scripts, one alphabet
tokens have been used in lieu of alphabet
rebus writing = mill+walk+key
Most scripts are hybrid/symbols and letters
Hebrew & Arabic have no vowels
Greek alphabet is utilitarian
Chinese alphabet elitist requires leisur time to learn
Korean alphabet liberated itself from Chinese characters
Onset of Literacy
Writing is seen as magic to orals
First stage of literacy is craft literacy - hired reader/writer
in writing, "the whole body labors" - Orderic Vitalis
Early literates were mindful of how the text would sound if spoken
From Memory to Written Records
live witness can defend testimony as opposed to text
Texts were not dated
ppl didn't understand relevance of what number of calendar year
they did not track their own exact age
orality knows no charts/lists/figures
Genesis begat records use oral strategies
texts never written from bottom to top
Some Dynamics of Textuality
No intonations available/subtleties of meaning lost
Writers and readers are fictional
writing can be communication with dead source
Diaries particularly difficult - fictionalizing
A reader must situate himself
Authors like Joyce demand impossible audience
Finnegan's Wake reads well aloud
Distance, Precision, Grapholects, Magnavocabularies
writing = precise / oral=human/proverbial
writing can be erased- words once spoken are there
oral=avoids correction/ruins credibility
writing=corrections very helpful
Plato benefitted from analysis of writing & oral structure
Writing allows introspection - religious texts
writing effects speech dialects bt literate & non-literate
writing expresses unfamiliar precisely
lower class = oralbased
upper class=textbased
oral-contextbased
writing-languagemeaningbased
dialect to written language takes on changes=grapholect
grapholect bears marks of milions of minds which have used it to share their consciousness with one another
grapholect vocabulary exponentially larger than oral
Dictionaries = good example of writing altering consciousness
many more resources available in a grapholect v. dialect
Interactions: Rhetoric and the Places
rhetorical-oral philosophical-chirographic
loci communes used in rhetoric provided arguments and proverb formulae
Some poetry was created to show of orator skills
Women authors were less influenced by rhetoric-educated in vernacular schools
Interactions: Learned Languages
latin formed thousands of dialects via speech/regions
written latin evolved differently/school language
Learned Latin male rite of passage from school
mother tongues live in unconscious, not learned latin
Classical education aimed to produce orators v. writers
Learned Latin=language devoid of orality
mother tongues=used by mothers raising kids
now all written languages are mother tongues
Tenaciousness of Orality
modern doctoral dissertation defense proves oration skills
rhetoric education now means effective writing
Ong Chapter 3
Orality is an occurence, an event
Inpossible for literates to imagine oral beingness
You cannot stop sound like a picture of sound
No still shot for sound
All sound is dynamic
Adam naming of the animals - Atwood
Oral cultures know what they can recall
No concept of looking up
Sustained thought in oral culture=communication
Lola wants to hear stories over and over again she is memorizing
mnemonic devices, rhyming and meter help orals remember long things
the kid that memorized long poems on youtube
Oral culture even laws are mnemonic/proverbs
Mnemonic devices include:
Additive v. subordinative
Ands v. narrative flow
Aggregative v. analytic
speaks of things and events in cliches
uses epithets: the mighty oak
works to prove cliches v. cast doubt
savage/oral mind totalizes
Redundant
Has to be. No backlooping like in reading.
I am always redundant in speech
Copia/redundancy is better than a pause when speaking
Conservative/Traditionalist
In order to remember generations of lessons, thought experiments are at a minimum
Prayers for Sale by Dallas
Oral tradition has need for elders
New material is not often incorporated
New material is structured like ancestors
Close to human lifeworld
expressions of human experience
even instruction given in human context
Apprenticeship = way of training v. manuals
Agonistically Toned
Rap Music
Human element presents competitiveness
Yo Mama contests
Extremes of violence/heroes/villians
Has to be entertaining
Empathetic/participatory v. objective distance
the oral story is happening to narrator and audience
written story is distanced
Homeostatic
sloughs off memories no longer relevant
seems in contrast to conservative mindset
when words are no longer part of the present experience, they vanish
political winners storeis more often told
irrelevant genealogies drop off
orators storiesflatter employers
situational v. abstract
oral = identified shapes as moon, door, etc. v. literate abstaractions = circle, square, etc.
oral will categorize via situation v. literate categories
orals prefer experience v. descritions
orals don't understand self-examination, all situational
Oral Memorization
rememberances of songs sung
hexametric phrases
epithets for each character that fit into hexameter
rhapsodized uniquely @ each performance via teller, mood, situation, audience
oral words are different than written ones
Lola creates/blends words ie text-based
literates attribute literate achievements to orals & vice versa
oral memorization is never verbatim, though orals claim is
oral performances change under social pressures
Verbomotor Lifestyle
Don't answer questions, compete/haggle with them
answer questions with questions
conversation as sparring
oral=social reading=solo
oral schizo=external literate schizo=internal
Noetic role of heroic heavies
Oral = extreme circumstances and character traits
Interiortiy of sound
interior of objects can be assessed through sound
observer fills/hearer is immersed
oral=anthrocentric
sound happens inside a body
orality, community and the sacral
oral performance =unifying experience
print = isolating
less unity in countries with more than one language
god speaks, not writes
religious experience is oral first
words are not signs
Inpossible for literates to imagine oral beingness
You cannot stop sound like a picture of sound
No still shot for sound
All sound is dynamic
Adam naming of the animals - Atwood
Oral cultures know what they can recall
No concept of looking up
Sustained thought in oral culture=communication
Lola wants to hear stories over and over again she is memorizing
mnemonic devices, rhyming and meter help orals remember long things
the kid that memorized long poems on youtube
Oral culture even laws are mnemonic/proverbs
Mnemonic devices include:
Additive v. subordinative
Ands v. narrative flow
Aggregative v. analytic
speaks of things and events in cliches
uses epithets: the mighty oak
works to prove cliches v. cast doubt
savage/oral mind totalizes
Redundant
Has to be. No backlooping like in reading.
I am always redundant in speech
Copia/redundancy is better than a pause when speaking
Conservative/Traditionalist
In order to remember generations of lessons, thought experiments are at a minimum
Prayers for Sale by Dallas
Oral tradition has need for elders
New material is not often incorporated
New material is structured like ancestors
Close to human lifeworld
expressions of human experience
even instruction given in human context
Apprenticeship = way of training v. manuals
Agonistically Toned
Rap Music
Human element presents competitiveness
Yo Mama contests
Extremes of violence/heroes/villians
Has to be entertaining
Empathetic/participatory v. objective distance
the oral story is happening to narrator and audience
written story is distanced
Homeostatic
sloughs off memories no longer relevant
seems in contrast to conservative mindset
when words are no longer part of the present experience, they vanish
political winners storeis more often told
irrelevant genealogies drop off
orators storiesflatter employers
situational v. abstract
oral = identified shapes as moon, door, etc. v. literate abstaractions = circle, square, etc.
oral will categorize via situation v. literate categories
orals prefer experience v. descritions
orals don't understand self-examination, all situational
Oral Memorization
rememberances of songs sung
hexametric phrases
epithets for each character that fit into hexameter
rhapsodized uniquely @ each performance via teller, mood, situation, audience
oral words are different than written ones
Lola creates/blends words ie text-based
literates attribute literate achievements to orals & vice versa
oral memorization is never verbatim, though orals claim is
oral performances change under social pressures
Verbomotor Lifestyle
Don't answer questions, compete/haggle with them
answer questions with questions
conversation as sparring
oral=social reading=solo
oral schizo=external literate schizo=internal
Noetic role of heroic heavies
Oral = extreme circumstances and character traits
Interiortiy of sound
interior of objects can be assessed through sound
observer fills/hearer is immersed
oral=anthrocentric
sound happens inside a body
orality, community and the sacral
oral performance =unifying experience
print = isolating
less unity in countries with more than one language
god speaks, not writes
religious experience is oral first
words are not signs
Ong Chapter 2
Homeric Question:Work was different than othe rworks of the time & Plce
Iliad and Oddyssey have caused several uproars/criticism to praise
Most distinctive feature of Homeric poetry = oral composition methods
Milman proved that Homer stitched together oral works, not the author
Writing for orlaity = dictating to self
Plato campaigned against oral poets
Khalil Gibran is commonplace using oral formulae
Parry's work parlayed into serbo-croation oral epic studies and more
savage>domestication = orality>literacy
2000BC = bicameral mind right hemi produces voices, left hemi expresses them
Alphabet created 1500BC
Writing rationalized thought away from magical thinking
Created self-consciousness
Odysseus makes this leap in oddyssey
Oral states of consciousness are bizarre to literate mind
Observe the 3 year old
Iliad and Oddyssey have caused several uproars/criticism to praise
Most distinctive feature of Homeric poetry = oral composition methods
Milman proved that Homer stitched together oral works, not the author
Writing for orlaity = dictating to self
Plato campaigned against oral poets
Khalil Gibran is commonplace using oral formulae
Parry's work parlayed into serbo-croation oral epic studies and more
savage>domestication = orality>literacy
2000BC = bicameral mind right hemi produces voices, left hemi expresses them
Alphabet created 1500BC
Writing rationalized thought away from magical thinking
Created self-consciousness
Odysseus makes this leap in oddyssey
Oral states of consciousness are bizarre to literate mind
Observe the 3 year old
Ong Chapter 1
my 3 year old speaks an oral language
rhymes things
orality v. literacy
Milman Parry = sutdied Iliad & Oddyssey
3000 languages spoken, 78 have literature
Writing cannot exists sans orality, orality can exist sans writing
I watch lola learn orally, copying words, remembering sounds
Writing enhances orality
Writing down an oral piece locks it into a time period, no more evolution via orality
ORality exists only as a potential within certain humans
Writing is imperialist/assimilates other things
orality is to literature as horse is to wheel-free auto
oral literature is a stupid term horse/auto reason
rhymes things
orality v. literacy
Milman Parry = sutdied Iliad & Oddyssey
3000 languages spoken, 78 have literature
Writing cannot exists sans orality, orality can exist sans writing
I watch lola learn orally, copying words, remembering sounds
Writing enhances orality
Writing down an oral piece locks it into a time period, no more evolution via orality
ORality exists only as a potential within certain humans
Writing is imperialist/assimilates other things
orality is to literature as horse is to wheel-free auto
oral literature is a stupid term horse/auto reason
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